Religious/church schools (RSs) played a crucial role in the social and educational life of Hungary in the first half of the 20th century. However, the 1946 communist power transmission had a serious blow on the church school system. Except few of them, RSs were reprivatized. The previously compulsory religious education from 1949 became optional, and until 1977 it remained under strict state control. The main political objective of these decades is “disbelief”, and this objective used education as main tool, and the ideology of the state determined the educational system. Churches opposed it strongly, and nation-wide protests started. Yet, nothing changed until the collapse of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Then, with the system change in 1990, the entire school system changed and schools were returned to the churches. Using historical research methodology, this paper will analyse the religious education politics of Hungary in the communist era and after it by collecting data from the secondary sources. Thus, this paper, first will describe the Hungarian education system in general with a focus on church schools. Then, it will widely discuss how the politics of the time affected the educational structure, and how the RSs responded to the oppressive political climate by exploring the history of RSs in communist time and after it.

This is a research on the experiences of Togolese immigrant women in the United States to understand the interconnection, which exists between being African and a woman in the United States. Very few studies documenting the experiences of West African immigrant women are available. In this research, narrative inquiry methodology is used. A literature review was conducted on feminist theories of gender identity and intersectionality issues. Togolese immigrant women were aware that they have different identities. Their awareness provides evidence of how they embody intersectionality in their experiences. They experienced a silent intersectional discrimination. Language barriers were one of the most important challenges they faced in the United States. Togolese immigrant women should take ESL classes upon arrival in the United States. Educators working with Togolese immigrant women should consider the different identities Togolese immigrant women bring with them in school so that their interactions with them may impact their success.

From the past to the present, it is seen that science and technology are the basis of many developments and changes. Universities, on the other hand, are the institutions that lead these changes and developments as places where scientific studies are conducted. In this respect, universities are subject to examination in terms of various subjects. As a result of the literature review on universities, it is seen that the appointment of rectors is a relatively less studied subject. The aim of the study is to examine historically the procedures of rector appointments in Turkey from the 1933 reform to the present and to offer solutions from a theoretical point of view by referring to the suggestions brought to the discussions on this subject. The research was conducted using the case study method, which is one of the qualitative research methods, and a holistic single case design was used in this process. Document analysis method was used to obtain the research data. Regarding the appointment of rectors, 18 resources, including 9 articles, 5 books and 4 official newspapers, in the National Academic Network and Information Center (ULAKBİM) were examined. According to the research findings, the appointments of rectors in terms of reforms made regarding universities were examined as 1933-1946, 1946- 1981 and post-1981 periods. These periods were determined according to the themes that emerged by using keywords. At the end of the study, the prominent themes in the context of the key spokespersons used were grouped under three main themes: the electoral system, the democratic election system, and the appointment system. In this context, the appointment system for the period 1933-1946, the semi-democratic election system for the period 1946-1981, and the period after 1981 were determined as mixed. As a result of the research, it is suggested that the rectors are elected through a democratic election with the participation of internal and external stakeholders.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the ability of students to absorb information (including scientific) during a pandemic in the online environment. The article discusses the differences and similarities between online learning and traditional education. The aim is to define the most successful approaches to education in the 21st century. The research tries to define, consider, and analyze all the factors that affect the learning process, both direct and indirect nowadays. The main point is to analyze the disadvantages of online learning, what causes them and how to make the education process better in the digital era. The paper reveals some possible options for an upgrade of the education process. The approach is based on psychology and sociology, both theoretical and empirical. The participants in the research are 100 bachelor's students' in humanitarian specialties. The study methodology is based on observation and interview and systematic analyzes. The conclusion of the study is that modern education must be a hybrid between upgraded traditional education and online learning including the using of digital resources but with wide usage of learning by doing method.

This research was conducted in order to discuss one of modern supervision approaches and its viewpoints and explain this: peer coaching. This article describes the background, components, process, characteristics, and benefits of peer coaching. In this process, it has been more important which types of supervision have been chosen: traditional or modern. Researches have showed that while traditional supervision approaches have affected teachers’ negatively modern supervision approaches have encouraged teachers to work more. So, it has been an object of interest what peer coaching is, what differences and purposes have been and how it works. In this study, content analysis has been used on the nature of peer coaching and for this purpose, books and articles which are related to peer coaching have been scrutinized and the terms “peer coaching” have been tried to explain in all details. Definitions and other aspects of peer coaching have been discussed by literature related to peer coaching. According to literature, in this study, it can be said that peer coaching is a modern approach and teachers have asked for supervisor to use such modern approaches. Analyzing the literature, it can be said that peer coaching which is a modern supervision approach, has been thought more humane and more positive by teachers. It has overcome the bias of “supervision” and it has given a giant comfort not only organizations but also supervision mechanism and supervisor-teacher.